Viruses: Their tiny dictatorship and why I love them

We may have surpassed the age where scientists said the flu is caused by “mysterious somethings”, but we are still very much in the dark about viruses. Virologists are even torn when it comes to knowing if they are alive. At the very least, viruses are shortcuts on the principle of life itself. While the rest of life is scrambling to evolve complex mechanisms, viruses are the couch potatoes of micro-organisms. Essentially they are just Netflixing their way through series in their sweatpants while the world around them runs the Comrades. Then, instead of putting on the pounds, they end up winning an Olympic gold for marathon running and everyone else is left a bit bewildered. They compete, they attack, they overthrow and they invade. They are the Hitlers, Mussolinis and Idi Amins of the immune system – but unlike their human counterparts, I love them.

I was 14 when my love affair with these tiny parasites started. I was (and am still) small for my age — perhaps that is why I found a kinship with them. They are in the smallest of packages and have managed to jump across species, dominate lifeforms and cause havoc without lugging around any of their own cellular machinery. HIV impressively hijacks the very system that is there to destroy it, Ebola can hide its cell surface proteins to avoid detection, and influenza forces cells to burst to enhance viral release. I appreciate the skill with which they shrewdly take command, often under the radar of our supposedly complex but largely unprepared cells. Another feature that sets viruses apart from their microbial brethren is how quickly they can adapt. Viruses that consist of nothing more than a bit of DNA or RNA wrapped in protein can change dramatically within a couple of hours, whereas bacteria have a far slower mutation rate. It is their simplicity that gives them power that very few complex systems can counteract.

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Read more about complexity versus success here.

A virus doesn’t necessarily achieve anything by killing its host – that could lead to its untimely destruction. Ultimately, self-interest just requires simple transmission and replication. Often a virus enters a host benignly with no visible symptoms and while it may kill a few cells, it does so with limited destruction. In a reservoir host, the host that the virus originated in, there is a truce; a sort of dictator parlay. In these situations the virus ‘rents’ the space and the space doesn’t complain (sort of like Donald Trump in the Republican party). When the virus makes a move and spills over into a new host, though, all bets are off (i.e. Donald Trump becoming president of the USA). HIV, Ebola, Marburg, swine flu and yellow fever are just a few examples of successful plagues (or, zoonoses) that have made the evolutionary leap and caused massive damage in doing so. Like a horror movie they are so intriguing, I can’t stop watching them through my fingers.

As I speak with admiration for them, it may seem counter-intuitive that I spend my days growing them, giving them some host cells and then finding cruel and unusual ways to kill them. This is the first lesson about medial science: know your enemy, appreciate them, truly have passion for them. Scientist need to be devil’s advocates, always balancing disdain with adoration. In this way you will find creative answers to hard questions. You can get a PhD that really means something.  In my case, knowing what I’m up against is what will always keep me a few replication cycles ahead. I constantly marvel at what nature has to throw at us and I hope this will make me a good virologist: over-thrower of dictators!

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Leading the way!

 

The world out there is so harsh — “it’s a dog-eat-dog world” (but in my case I guess its chicken eat chicken). Everyone wants to be the next top dog or the next big cockerel. Since time immemorial, our local communities have had a number of “top chickens”, people that we could look up to. We admired them mainly due to their professions and how their professions transformed them to people that made a monumental contribution to society. If you were a teacher, nurse or priest in your community then people held you in great esteem; I guess I would know since my dad’s a priest. And as a “preacher’s kid” people expect you to take up the family business so to speak, but it doesn’t always happen like that. We can’t all become teachers, preachers, or nurses just because it’s in the family….

Unlike the olden days when career options were limited, people now have the opportunity to do or become whatever they want. I used to facilitate career guidance workshops when I was still at the University of Fort Hare Student Counselling Unit for local high schools and new university students; one of the things that we used to tell them is that they can be or do anything, as long as it’s aligned with their interests, values and capabilities. You can be a lecturer, researcher or psychologist if you want. Looking at the amount of people who have degrees currently, you can see that a degree doesn’t give you an edge as it did before. This means more people need to start changing their mind-sets from just doing their junior degrees, but to push on to do their postgraduate degrees. Having role models who have obtained their honours, Masters, PhD etc will be vital just to show the youth that it can be done.

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My inspirational sister

I never thought I would end up doing a postgrad degree, but I’ve been fortunate to have role models who have shown me that it’s possible. I was blessed to grow up in a family where my sister Ntombentle has a Master’s degree in social work and my brother Zukile has a Master’s degree in law. I can still recall going to their graduation ceremonies and seeing myself being up there one day. The amount of time, dedication and perseverance that they had taught me a lot, I mean these were people who were working full time and yet managed to go this far. If you’re not working then what’s your excuse? My supervisors Dr Nkukwana and Prof Muchenje have too played a monumental role model role in my life. They both always motivate their students to study further since they see the importance of education to the African child. Being accomplished researchers in their respective fields does make the convincing a lot easier. If they could do it, coming from difficult backgrounds, so can I!

Proud of my brother!
Proud of my brother!

A few months back I thought it was basically my choice to decide if I want to do my PhD, but I don’t think so anymore. My ambition was originally to obtain my masters and start working. But not anymore. I want to one of the people that future generations will look back at and say “If it wasn’t for them, then we wouldn’t have studied or worked harder!” I know that our socioeconomic backgrounds may dictate otherwise but I know that it can be done. I would love to one day live in a world where people don’t have to struggle all their lives just to put food on the table. I’m not saying that academic Doctors are the richest people in the world, but studying hard and becoming a Doctor opens up a lot of doors for you.  Academic doctors work hard, but they don’t have to struggle with the basic necessities of life.

We’ve been complaining about the poor matric results in the Eastern Cape, but do you ask yourself, “What am I doing to improve that situation?” For me, doing a PhD (or any postgraduate degree!) isn’t entirely just for me, it’s for all those kids to see that it can be done. It’s my attempt to inspire better matric results in young people who will see what I can do – because I’m just an ordinary kid like them. If I can do it, why not them? Also, the idea of having my research being used by small-scale and developing farmers to grow their businesses sounds pretty cool. At the end of the day if it’s not about giving back then why bother?

Our beloved leader in Fort Hare colours!
Our beloved leader in Fort Hare colours!

With that being said I guess we can’t all have PhDs, and at the end of the day it’s not the only way to make the world a better place. But education is an immensely powerful way of making a difference. And for me, it’s one way to live my life as if it were a story that others want to read, a story that inspires them. For me, it’s how I live up to the ideals of our renowned former state president Nelson Rholihlahla Mandela, who said “education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world”. This is how I want to live out the African concept of “Ubuntu,” which is the epitome of selflessness and giving back to the community.